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- ENVIRONMENT, Page 65Even the Eskimos FrozeA record cold wave moves from Alaska to the Midwest
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- The little village of Coldfoot, Alaska, 50 miles north of the
- Arctic Circle, has long endured jokes about its name. But last week
- no one in Coldfoot -- or anywhere else in Alaska -- was in much of
- a mood to laugh about the temperature. For a whole month, the
- entire state had been gripped by one of the fiercest Arctic cold
- waves on record. Some towns in the interior registered temperatures
- as low as -75 degrees F for days a time. As for Coldfoot, an
- unconfirmed reading there two weeks ago put the temperature at -82
- degrees, colder than the official North American record of -81
- degrees set in the Canadian Yukon in 1947. Alaska Governor Steve
- Cowper declared a state of emergency, requesting everyone to stay
- indoors as much as possible.
-
- By midweek, the icy blast had roared out of Alaska across
- western Canada and into the American Midwest. Driven by 100-m.p.h.
- winds and the strongest high-pressure system in North American
- history (barometers reached 31.85 in. of mercury), the frigid front
- generated mammoth snowstorms and in some areas dropped thermometer
- readings by as much as 70 degrees in a matter of hours.
-
- Alaskans were relieved to be rid of the worst of the freeze,
- but it would take weeks to assess the toll on the state. Schools
- closed, businesses ground to a halt, and hardy villagers huddled
- in their homes to keep warm. Furnaces shut down as heating oil
- turned to jelly, and stoves stood idle as propane gas liquefied.
- The greatest hardships occurred in central Alaska, where normal
- food deliveries were cut off. Governor Cowper called out the Air
- National Guard to parachute supplies into remote villages.
-
- Heavy steel equipment in the North Slope oil fields turned
- icily brittle and snapped into pieces. Military operations were
- disrupted. Most of the 26,000 Army, Air Force and Coast Guard
- personnel taking part in Operation Brim Frost, an Arctic training
- mission, were told to stay in their barracks. The Kusko 300, one
- of the state's major dog-mushing events, had to be postponed.
-
- Even longtime Alaskans, who normally boast of basking in
- subzero weather, were wincing. Says Mitch Falk, manager of Aurora
- North Fuel in Deadhorse: "It's not too bad at 45 below, but 60
- below takes it out of you." At the Corner Bar in Nenana, which is
- usually busy even in -25 degrees weather, no one was coming in for
- a cold beer.
-
- When the frigid air mass finally began to move, it blew into
- western Canada, where the temperature in many cities plunged as low
- as -40 degrees F. The worst snowstorm in Edmonton since 1885
- brought the city to a virtual standstill. In Calgary 100,000
- grade-school children were told to stay home when the wind-chill
- factor reached -67 degrees, a level at which exposed flesh freezes
- in less than a minute.
-
- South of the border, the cold wave brought a sudden end to
- unseasonably warm weather in the American West. In Great Falls,
- Mont., the temperature fell overnight from a high of 62 degrees
- to-10 degrees and then down to -34 degrees the next night. Over in
- Helena, the thermometer reading plummeted from 44 degrees to -6
- degrees in just two hours. As far south as Valentine, Neb., a balmy
- high of 70 degrees turned to 0 degrees in ten hours.
-
- Despite the cold front's ferocity, there were few casualties.
- In the places that were hardest hit, people were cautious. Martha
- Hirt of Fairbanks kept her seven school-age children indoors.
- "They're miserable because they can't play outside," she said.
- "We're trying to entertain ourselves by watching videos."
-
- Why was it so cold? While winters are always frigid in the high
- latitudes of Alaska and Canada, the cold is usually mitigated by
- warm winds from the Pacific Ocean. This year, though, a mass of
- cold air called the Omega Block blew in from Siberia and settled
- over Alaska. A high-pressure zone got stuck between two
- low-pressure systems and stayed put over the state, keeping out the
- warming Pacific winds. By the time cold air moved out of Alaska and
- headed south, it had built up tremendous force.
-
- Alaskans could at least take comfort from the knowledge that
- the weather could have been even worse. The state got nowhere close
- to the world's record low-temperature reading. That was a frosty
- -128.6 degrees F, recorded in faraway Antarctica in 1983.